TABLE OF CONTENTS

ELITE TARGET INTELLIGENCE

I. PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE MANUAL

II. THEORY AND ELITE AND ELITE NETWORKS

Methods of Ordering Political Universes

1. The structure of society

2. The structure of involvement

3. Distribution of political leadership

III. GENERAL ORIENTATION OF OPERATOR TO THE TARGET BACKGROUND

Background Analysis

1. Achieving an organic sense of the area

2. Touring the locale

3. The regional setting

4. Means of limiting perspectives

5. Avoiding simplism

6. Correlation of functions and elites

7. Functions as clues to presence of leadership

8. Documentary source of background information

9. Use of informants

10. On-the-spot studies

11. Systematic review of observations

IV. AREA AND FUNCTIONAL BOUNDARIES OF TARGETS

Techniques of Delimiting the Elite

1. Individual records

2. Individual interviews

3. Judging the intensity of identification

4. Identification with elite mass

5. National and international identifications

6. Group occupation analysis

7. Class and socialite analysis

8. Geographical identification

9. Content analysis of roles

10. Group cross-pressures analysis

V. ISSUE ORIENTATION AND RELEVANCE OF TARGETS

Methods of Issue Analysis

1. Issues with high visibility

2. Issues with low visibility

3. Pattern of issue emergence

4. Relationship of elite to issues

5. Relationship of operator’s policy to issues

6. Short-range relevancy versus long-range

VI. DIFFERENTIAL POWER OF TARGETS

Differential Power Analysis

1. Discovering power circles

2. Intra-circle co-ordered behaviors

3. Power within a single organization

4. Top, middle and lower elite

5. Collective form of decision-making

6. Differential power of circles

7. High power of major functional groups

8. Organization charts as clues to power hierarchy

PART B: IDENTIFICATION OF ELITES

VII. IDENTIFICATION OF FORMAL ELITE INSTITUTIONS

Analysis of Elite Institutions

1. State organs

2. Para-constitutional agencies

3. Semi-private institutions

4. Formal and informal organizations distinguished

5. Utility of institutional identification

6. Constitutional analysis

7. Legislation analysis

8. The sources of legislation

9. Administrative rule-making

10. Law and rule-making by private bodies

11. Court power

12. Analysis of agency operations

13. Publicity analysis

14. Trend analysis of constitutional organs

15. How to locate para-constitutional groups

16. Political parties

17. Religious groups

18. Education and youth organization

19. The identification of semi-private elite institutions

20. The political influence of business organizations

21. Trade unions

22. The press

23. Identification of the elite institutions in informal pre-literate or unhistorical societies

24. Institutions crucial to coups d’etat

VIII. IDENTIFICATION OF INFORMAL ELITE ASSOCIATIONS

Informal Association Analysis

1. Traits of informal associations

2. Dysfunctional groups

3. Boundaries of informal groups

4. Using ‘Hidden’informal groups as channels

5. Discovery of informal groups

6. Access to top elite information via informal groups

IX. INTERLOCKING OF FORMAL AND INFORMAL GROUPS

Analysis of Informal–Formal Relationships

1. Formal–informal transformations

2. Informal groups representing combinations of formal groups

3. Informal channels to lower formal echelons

4. Combinations of institutions and communication links

5. Discovering overlapping conditions by observation

6. Direct interrogation for informal structure

X. IDENTIFICATION OF FORMAL OFFICEHOLDERS

Techniques for Identifying Formal Officeholders

1. Reference works

2. The use of indexes to periodicals

3. Biographical files

4. Organization rosters and publications

5. Building files

6. Job-turnover of officeholders

7. Indices of importance of office

XI. IDENTIFICAION OF INFORMAL LEADERS

Methods of Informal Leadership Analysis

1. Local and national informal leadership compared

2. Identification by sociometric “choices”

3. Developing a fist entrance into a sample

4. Participant observation

5. Informal committees

6. Informal decision–making networks

7. Invisibleness usually short range

8. Informants on unofficial networks

9. Charismatic leaders without official status

10. The elder statesman

11. The “handy-man” type

12. The “fixer” type

13. Identification during study of target area

14. Identification through study of power issues and decisions

XII. SINGLE AND PLURAL ELITE STRUCTURES

Analysis of Elite Pluralism

1. Indices of interdependent elitists

2. Utility of single-plural distinction

3. Relations to other techniques

4. Overlapping of names and references in sociometric interviews

5. Overlapping of formal officers and formal organizations

6. The overlapping of power, prestige, and income group standing of elite

7. Ratio of hostile to friendly intra-general elite symbols

8. Special issue coalitions

9. Community among the elite and between elite and population

10. Measures of cohesion

11. Mutual protection among elite

XIII. PLOTTING ELITE NETWORKS

Modes of Discovering Elite Networks

1. Development of lists of influentials, issues, projects, and policy procedures

2. Interview precautions

3. Records of data

4. Relating issues to names

5. Problems of abundant data

6. Use of a panel of judges

7. Sampling for network interviewing

8. Length of Interview

9. Entree to respondent

10. Contents of interview

11. Recording and analysis of interviews

12. Strangeness of area often helpful

13. Modifications of methodology

XIV. INDICATORS OR TESTS OF FORMAL AND INFORMAL LEADERSHIP

On-Target Tests

1. Testing knowledge of others in group

2. Discovering with whom subject works

3. Indicators of subject’s power position

4. Kinds of policy-interest

5. Independence of judgements

6. Clique membership

7. Amount and kind of participation

8. Age

9. Sex

10. Record of successes

11. Achieved and ascribed status

12. Location of residence

13. Length of residence

14. Local ownership

15. Numbers commanded

16. Recreation habits

17. Popularity

18. Tests by prediction

19. Predicting media output to validate intelligence

XV. PLOTTING POWERSHIFTS AND ELITE MOBILITY

Analysis of Power Shifts

1. Basic data for detecting power shifts

2. General indicators of power shifts

3. Major types of shifts: from single to plural elite, or vice versa

4. Major types (cont.) : from one skill base to another

5. Major types (cont.) : from one personality type to another

6. Major types (cont.) : from one set of issues to another

7. Major types (cont.) : from one social-economic base to another

8. Mass-elite connections

9. Mobility indicators : family relations and inter-marriage

10. Mobility indicators : business politics (cont.)

11. Mobility analysis : growth of new functions (cont.)

12. Mobility analysis : shifts in the sources of economic chances (cont.)

13. Mobility analysis : development of new types of social organization (cont.)

14. Mobility analysis : new skills

15. Mobility analysis : social stratification of elite (cont.)

16. Mobility analysis : education of the elite

PART C: SPECIAL ANALYSIS OF FUNCTION ELEMENTS

XVI. POLITICAL ELEMENTS

Technical Analysis of Political Elements

1. General character of political elements

2. Socio-economic status of politicians

3. Character analysis

4. Identifications of politicians

5. Opportunism–consistency measure

6. Autonomy analysis

7. Measures of cohesion

XVII. BUREAUCRATIC ELEMENTS

Bureaucratic Elite Analysis

1. Centralization–decentralization

2. Integration, high and low

3. Administrative autonomy

4. Informal connections with politicians

5. Connections with the socio-economic elite

6. Clannishness

7. Connections with private groups

8. Recruitment methods

9. Prestige measures

10. Morale measures

11. Capacity to act

12. Compulsiveness

13. Propaganda mechinery

14. Personal documents

15. Group observation

16. Organization charts and manuals

XVIII. MILITARY ELEMENTS

Analysis of Military Elements

1. Importance of the military

2. Comparison of armed forces

3. Internal differences

4. Personality

5. Military values

6. Militarization of the community

7. Cohesion with other elite groups

8. Police Elements

XIX. RELIGIOUS ELEMENTS

Analysis of Religious Elites

1. Internal structures

2. Localism of structural components

3. Competing sects

4. Formal status of church – state relations

5. Discovering government’s position on communism versus religion

6. Participation of church groups in non-religious activities

7. Relations between non-church elites and religious elites

8. Attention to issues with a moral or religious facet

9. Religious ceremonies and rituals

10. Popular acceptance or rejection of religion

11. Training of religious elite

12. Recruitment of church personnel

XX. RURAL ELEMENTS

Analysis of Rural Elites

1. Hereditary connections of the rural elite

2. Composition of rural elements

3. Family role in rural centers

4. Class structure in rural centers

5. Seeking typical agrarian conflicts

6. The methods of the rural elite

7. Occupations of rural elite

8. Formal vs. informal organizations of rural elites

9. Rural office-holding

10. Rural influences on other elite elements

XXI. LABOR ELEMENTS

Analysis of labor Elites

1. Isolation of labor influentials

2. Legal status of unions

3. Limited sphere of influence

4. Background of labor influentials

5. Hierarchical nature of labor organizations

6. Industrial base of labor movements

7. Craft unionism vs. industrial unionism

8. Fragmentation of labor movements

9. Political schisms

10. Pseudo-union organizations

11. Visibility of influentials at time of strike

12. Visibility of influentials at conventions

13. Use of direct informants

XXII. BUSINESS ELEMENTS

Business Elite Analysis

1. General influence

2. Functional significance a sign of power

3. Internal corporate power ranking

4. Inter-corporate cliques

5. Representation of larger scope

6. Cosmopolites

7. Localists

8. Owners and managers

9. Integration of an industrial society

XXIII. HEREDITARY ELEMENTS

Analysis of Hereditary Factors

1. Charting the hereditary structure based on land

2. Hereditary structure, non-landed

3. Describing symbolic hereditary distinctions

4. Heredity in democracies: indices thereof

5. Determining the stability of inherited distinctions

6. Changes in hereditary elites

7. Ascertaining role of retainers

8. Symbolic figures

9. Visibility of hereditary and free systems compared

10. Indices of deference

XXIV. THE INTELLGENTSIA

Analysis of the Intelligentsia

1. Criteria of various roles

2. Differentiation of intelligentsia by proximity of specialization to power

3. Proximity of organizations of the intelligentsia to power

4. Direct participation in government

5. Distribution of rewards

6. Concern of the intelligentsia with “pure” as opposed to “applied” science and art

7. Concern with nationalism as against internationalism

8. Propaganda activities within the target area

9. Journalists as members of the intelligentsia

PART D: COMMUNICATION VULNERABILITY OF ELITES

XXV. RECEPTIVITY OF TARGETS TO COMMUNICATIONS

Analysis of Receptivity

1. Spatial availability of elite to communications

2. Face-to-face contacts

3. Inventory of mass media

4. Analysis of personality factors in receptivity

5. Finding the channels through target’s associations

6. Differential cohesion as a limit on vulnerability

7. Differential status as a limit on vulnerability

8. Leakage of symbols-meaning over target boundaries

XXVI. INDIVIDUAL VULNERABILITY

Analysis of Vulnerability

1. Variations in media use: non-users

2. Variations (contd.): “class” media versus mass media

3. Variations (cont.): users of all media

4. Classification of users by different media

5. Solving the media habits of “non-users”

6. Relation of vulnerability to credibility

7. Adding media information to biographies

XXVII. VULNERABILITY OF GROUPS AND UNORGANIZED AGGREGATES

Group Media Analysis

1. Finding elite media

2. Relating size to influence

3. Privacy of circulation

4. Determining political ties of media

5. Relating level of media to probable audience

6. Relating language choice to probable audience

7. Finding elite at special media events

8. Elite radio programs

9. Reaching elite through mass media

10. Receptivity of special “gate keepers” of the media

11. Content study by the “market” method

12. Role of free-lancers

13. Sources of media intelligence

XXVIII. OVERLAPPING AND SPECIAL CLUSTERS

Analysis of Complex Elite Clusters

1. Types of permanent clusters of overlapping groups

2. Complexity of clusters

3. Temporary clusters

4. Dangers of persistent “in-group” feeling

5. Clusters formed by projects

6. Operator-created clusters

PART E: THE USE OF TARGET INTELLGENCE

XXIX. LONG TERM ELITE INTELLIGENCE PROCEDURES

Technique of record-keeping

1. Utility of systematic records

2. Types of files

3. Special problems of journals

4. Dating and coding

5. Keeping information up-to-date

6. Evaluation problems

7. Allowing for custodial change

XXX. EMERGENCY TARGET INTELLIGENCE PROCEDURES

Impromptu Analysis Procedures

1. The “pilot-study” approach

2. Limitations of such approaches

3. Improving emergency procedures

4. Utilizing the non-random characteristics of the population

5. Specialized emergency targets

6. Continuing emergencies

XXXI. FEEDING TARGET INTELLIGENCE INTO OPERATIONS

Fitting Elite Analysis to Operations

1. Local material design

2. New media

3. Distribution of materials

4. Design of general materials

5. Mailings

6. Personal approaches

7. Matching elite elements with media capabilities

8. Reporting

9. Directive-construction

10. Operational planning locally

11. Preventing oversights

12. Relating target intelligence to directives

PART F: APPENDICES

Appendix A. Sampling

Appendix B. Content Analysis

Appendix C. Use of Punched Cards in Target Intelligence

Appendix D.
Bibliography of Selected Works on Political leadership
with Special Attention to Methodology.

I. General Cross-reference between Bibliography and the sections of Manual

II. Biographical